Showing posts with label cultural. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cultural. Show all posts

Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology) Review

Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology)
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Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology) ReviewThis meticulously researached volume presents a portrait of Felicity, an East Indian village of Trinidad. Presented in loving and human terms the author captures the viewpoint of the villagers themselves as they explain their music and culture. Free from the troubling jargon that bedevils so many recent studies in ethnomusicology, Myers's work is a model study that deserves serious scholarly attention. Highly recommended for specialists as well as general readers, who will be interested in the extensive coverage on Nobel-prize-winning author V.S. Naipaul and his highly musical family.Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology) Overview

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Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya (Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning) Review

Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya (Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning)
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Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya (Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning) ReviewThis is a delightful book. Kenyans, like Zambians and Tanzanians, are hung up on the ideology of development, and eagerly want to get ahead. Structural adjustment policies have gutted public services, some of which are now being offered by NGOs. These external agencies, staffed by strangers, give some individuals access to inexplicable wealth and influence. Hence the witchcraft suspicions. Smith shows how the locals use witchcraft concerns to assert their own view of improvement. "Moreover, in the process of controlling witchcraft, Kenyans [here] also work to bring the embattled often absurd sign 'development' under social control, all the while creating communities and networks around the idea."Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya (Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning) Overview

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Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) Review

Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture)
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Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) ReviewI found this book to be very well written and, in several instances, it made me long to return to my anthropological studies at NYU. Had I only been a curious reader I probably would have found this book brilliant, but my reading was shaded by the fact that I personally know many travestis in Salvador (Peruco, Xuxuca, Kit Mahoney, Angelica) and therefore found the exclusion of several things to be particularly odd.
The importance of having a basic understanding of the language and culture of a country in order to do fieldwork and understand anything in that country cannot be overstated, and the fact that Professor Kulick went into the "field" totally green must have put him at a significant disadvantage. This disadvantage would explain his cultural missteps and failure to see his "subjects" within the larger Brazilian context. The lack of contextualization is akin to discussing America's obesity problem without discussing the automobile, the microwave, women in the workforce, lack of school physical education programs, etc. A population teeming with 300-lb. people seems very strange indeed when not seen in context.
Though far more thorough than most researchers, it's incomprehensible to me that he barely discusses race/ color and class at all. It's important to note that nearly all travestis are negra (black) and mulata/ morena (brown) and come from the lowest social classes and everyone knows that, in Brazil, the primary contribution that negras and morenas are thought to offer society is their sexual services (mulata e pra transar, branca e pra casar).
It's also strange that there is hardly any discussion of religion and, being a gringo and all, Professor Kulick seems to look down on Candomble and tries to defend his new travesti friends by asserting that they are not "devotees" of the religion. All of the travestis that I know practice Candomble, but would never admit it to a prejudiced gringo who doesn't seem to understand the religion anyway. In fact, by ignoring Candomble, Professor Kulick missed a crucial element in understanding the place of the travesti in society. It is in the terreiro that Brazilians become accustomed to seeing men dressed as women and learn to respect their special status.
This book, though thoughtfully put together, lacks an understanding of Brazilian norms which would have made the work more complete. The knowledge that, for instance, Brazilians are used to mixture (e.g. being culturally/ racially mixed, practicing Candomble and Catholicism simultaneously) means that travestis are one of many hybrid classes in a highly hybridized nation.
Further, knowing what I know about baiano travestis, I am certain that they would not have allowed Professor Kulick to hang out with them if they didn't consider him to be one of them. It's clear to me in his writing that he greatly enjoyed spending time with the bichada and was "se sentindo" just as much as they were.
Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) Overview

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Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) Review

Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture)
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Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) ReviewMost studies of sex tourism focus on female sex workers with foreign male clients. Even some studies look at men involved in sex work with foreign women. This book tries to fill in a gap by discussing Dominican men who sell sex to foreign male tourists. This book tries to break a rigid hetero/homo dichotomy by showing the many men who engage in hustling but with no desire for other males.
There is a rare but excellent anthology called "Caribbean Masculinities" and the author's contribution is reprinted here. Really, I hope this book is a sign that the author got tenure somewhere. The info in this book is similar to another study about "pingueros" in Cuba. Those who saw the French-language film "Vers le Sur" may also enjoy this.
The book NEVER mentions "the down-low" and this is understandable as the study takes place outside the United States. Nevertheless, for those interested in reading about Black men who get busy with men on the hush-hush, they'll want to read this book. The interviewees here never suggest that kicking it with men means they don't have women at home and desire women all the time. There's a lot of "don't ask, don't tell" here too. Relatives of these men don't question how men who are penniless on Friday afternoon can now pay the rent on Monday morning. There's also machismo here where women are conditioned not to question their male partners and these male sex workers can lie about getting with women when they are actually selling to men.
Let me mention the most important comment to me in this book: "[The Zona Colonial] also stands as the most vivid symbol of what has been described as a kind of Dominican "hispanophilia"--an exaggerated identification with all things of Spanish origin, and a simultaneous denial (and repression) of the African cultural influences on contemporary Dominican society" (81). A whole mess of books and word-of-mouth mention how Dominicans go out of their ways to downplay or deny being Black. While the author brings this up only once, I really wish he would have spoken about race more. He dances around it as many people in that nation do. A student could write an awesome paper comparing this book and "What's Love Got to Do with It?" and they will note how the latter is explicit about Blackness when the former plays into the denial.
Sometimes the book felt long-winded. However, this was not another anthropological text in which a writer just recalls, "First I did this, then I did that." This was an informative book about Black bisexuality in a transnational context.Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic (Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture) Overview

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Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in Rabbinic Judaism (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) Review

Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in Rabbinic Judaism (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism)
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Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in Rabbinic Judaism (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) ReviewHoffman begins his analysis of the meaning of male circumcision in Rabbinic Judaism by recounting the attempts in the nineteenth century by the movement in Germany to eliminate circumcision a requirement in Judaism. The effort was largely unsuccessful. This prompts him to study the ritual's public meaning through the history of Judaism. Hoffman admits that his the results of his investigation made him unconfortable enough to sequester the manuscript for several years before returning to it. Fortunately, he decided to resurrect the work and publish it. Hoffman's painstaking research and analysis led to a clear conclusion: the purpose of male circumcision in Rabbinic Judaism was to exclude women. The focus of his research was to attempt to understand what circumcision meant to average practicing Jew at the various periods of Judaism. I found his approach and findings fascinating. One nearly indisputable finding is that circumcision for Abraham was not a sign of the covenant. It most likely a common practice that Abraham and his family adopted, but the connection between circumcision and the covenant between God and Abraham was added during the Babylonian exile around 600 B.C.. The importance and meaning of male circumcision evolved over time to became the ritual as it is practiced today. In the process an understanding of the evolution of Rabbinic Judaism from a temple/priest centered religion is explained. More importantly, the gradual exclusion of women from the practice of religion in the synagogue is linked to changes in the circumcision ritual. Hoffman's writing style makes Covenant of Blood easy to read despite its depth of analysis. For those interested in the religious aspects of circumcision in Judaism, Covenant of Blood should be required reading. Even if the reader has difficulty agreeing with Hoffman's conclusions, his analysis and point of view cannot be ignored.Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in Rabbinic Judaism (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) Overview

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Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) Review

Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism)
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Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) ReviewJonathan Z. Smith is the enfant terrible of the History of Religions discipline, although he's no longer young. From his first essays (collected in Map Is Not Territory) to his more recent musings in To Take Place and Drudgery Divine, he has outraged, stimulated, challenged, and restructured the study of religion in the modern academy.
Each essay here is a little gem, and should be read and savored by any serious student.
Right at the start, in "Fences and Neighbors", Smith shows his true colors: he talks about the taxonomy of walnuts, and uses this as a startlingly perfect demonstration of the strengths and weaknesses of various ways of defining and categorizing religion, religions, and religious groups. "In Comparison a Magic Dwells" points out that most comparison falls into Frazer's homeopathic/contagious magic division, and demonstrates the various pitfalls of the comparative endeavor. I could go on, right through the devastating and terrifying analysis of the Jonestown White Nights mass suicide, in which Smith argues that to study religion seriously, we have a duty to recognize that it is not always "nice," not always about love and peace, and that sometimes awful things are done because of religious feeling, but that nevertheless we are required to try to make sense of it -- a lesson that has renewed force in the wake of 9/11.
Smith does have one real flaw, though, which is that he assumes that everyone is as intelligent and careful as he is. He thinks that every reader will read all the endnotes, for example, and think about their implications for his arguments. And he assumes that every reader will hang onto a certain common-sense perspective on human nature, and interpret his arguments in that light.
Unfortunately, this isn't always the case. "In Comparison a Magic Dwells," for example, argues the need for a radical rethinking of how comparison should be done; many readers, however, think that he is anti-comparison in general. "The Bare Facts of Ritual," which tries to uproot an old sympathetic-magic reading of certain kinds of hunting rituals, and by implication a broader range of apparently intrumental rituals, has been interpreted as a failed attempt at a complete theory of ritual.
In short, this whole book needs to be read again and again, notes and all, with extraordinary care. If you're not willing to put in a great deal of effort, just don't bother--you're going to come out thinking that Smith has nothing constructive to say.
In _Imagining Religion_, Smith is by turns devastating and hilarious, and always brilliant. Not all of it can withstand every possible criticism, but what can? A seminal work, _Imagining Religion_ marks a place at which the History of Religions must either turn or turn back; the very possibility of the study of religion depends upon our turning.Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism) Overview

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White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 Review

White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945
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White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 ReviewThis is one of the best books I've read this year. Written in a lively and engaging manner, this book powerfully documents how immigrants have experienced and lived race in the US. With chapters on gangsters, race riots, fascism, tensions over public housing, labor unions, and international relations, this book is FILLED with riveting stories that force the reader to consider the role of everyday working-class folks in perpetuating and challenging white supremacy. The author's goal is to make us think critically about how we have arrived at our contemporary reality -- where race structures so much of our daily lives -- by examining how the descendents of impoverished and often marginalized European immigrants have played a role in keeping that structure in place. This is an incredible book!! I recommend it to anyone who loves a good story, but also to those who are looking for historical background to current debates over affirmative action, reparations, and anti-racist collective action.... and anyone who wants some factual info to support your arguments with family & friends who insist that "we" (meaning "white ethnics") had is "as bad" as "them" (people of color). This author finally lays this argument to rest once and for all (thankfully) by showing how the color line ensured that Italians had a leg up, and that their "whiteness" became their most valuable asset in a country so deeply defined by race.White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 Overview

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